与此同时,今天的类人机器人几乎不具备任何实用功能。制造家用清洁机器人和军用型机器人的iRobot公司CE0科林-安格尔称:“它们代表着难以置信的研究和技术,这些研究和技术随后得到了应用。研发类人机器人的研发人员正在作令人吃惊的、令人激动的工作,但这无法驱逐动机器人行业,除非它是为了娱乐目的。”
大众科学本期封面
日本最先进的类人机器人“阿西莫”以它的平衡性和适应性而闻名,它甚至可以以一种笨拙的、很机器人的方式奔跑。不过,当它遇到一个关闭的门后,表演就结束了,因为伸手、抓住门把手、转动门把手、向前走、推开门所需要的计算仍然过于复杂。不过,日本视“阿西莫”为一个应对广泛科学挑战的长远投资,这些科学挑战包括材料科学、人工智能。它不是机器人管家,它事关大局,它是日本有关我们的未来将充满有益的、有知觉的日本制造机器信念的图腾。
这种开放的构想在美国并不奏效,我们的投资环境重视近期产品而不是图腾。因此,尽管美国有各种机器人项目,但它在发展类人机器人方面落后日本和韩国。非赢利的世界技术评估中心2006年在获得国家科学基金和其它团体赞助后公布了一份名为《机器人研究和发展的国际评估》的报告,报告会对美国和世界其它国家在机器人方面的研究进行了比较。报告的结论认为,尽管美国在军用和医用机器人领域领先世界,但它正在快速失去优势,在机器人机动性和类人机器人方面处于落后地位。报告的作者们写道:“尽管机器人在世界范围内是一个非常活跃的领域,但日本、韩国、欧盟向私营行业的机器人研究和发展投入了比美国更多的资金。”
2004年和2005年率领世界技术评估中心调研小组前往韩国和日本进行调研的美国南加州大学工程学教授乔治-比克伊称:“大量资金涌向大学和研究中心。韩国在机器人方面的经费每年达8000万美元,与此形成对比的是,美国国家科学基金对民用机器人的经费拔款每年只有1000万美元。”
军方在美国机器人的投入是很有力的,但美国的战争机器人平台并没有使美国更加接近类人机器人,这些平台都是为排除炸弹和空中侦察等专用目的制造的,所以它们并不提供更为广泛的机会。世界技术评估中心报告写道:“韩国和日本在机器人方面提出了国家战略倡议。在美国, Darpa项目(军方为高层次机器人所提供资金的主要项目)是高度应用性,是以短期目标为出发点的,对机器人基础研究的支持已被大幅削减了。”
The Loneliest Humanoid in America
Walking, self-contained, adult-size robots are commonplace in robotics labs in Japan and South Korea, but there’s only one made here. Why are we falling behind?
Let’s assume that someday you will have, in your home, a humanoid robot helper. The robot, because it’s shaped like you, can use your tools and move easily around your house. It folds the laundry, it helps your elderly mother up the stairs, and on Sundays it makes brunch for the family. It’s capable of handling almost any household chore you can throw at it。
Now let’s imagine that you’re out on the lawn, kicking a ball around with your son. Your robot helper is in another part of the yard, its back to you both, fixing a drainpipe. Your son misses a kick, and the ball winds up a few feet from the robot. “Hey, robot!” you shout. “A little help?” The robot turns in place, spots the ball, walks over, and kicks it back to you. The game resumes。
Of all the tasks you would undoubtedly love to hand off to a robot assistant, fetching a soccer ball is probably low on the list. And yet in 2010, there is no humanoid robot on Earth that can consistently do something as simple as turn, spot, approach, and kick. Never mind helping Grandma to bed or starching your shirts. Broken into a daisy chain of input, calculation and action, just kicking a ball is incredibly hard. It’s so difficult, in fact, that engineers from all over the world have embraced it as the modern era’s standardized test of humanoid-robot sophistication, and they converge each June at an event called RoboCup to try it. This year, only one adult-size, self-contained, humanoid robot in this country can even attempt it。
Its name is CHARLI-L (the “L” stands for “Lightweight” and the rest for “Cognitive Humanoid Autonomous Robot with Learning Intelligence”). Created at Virginia Tech, it’s America’s first true humanoid, in that it requires no remote power source or computer, it stands roughly five feet tall and has arms and legs, and it walks—left, right, left, right—like a human。